How and When to Involve Crowds in Scientific Research
Complementary material
Stage-specific tools for project design:
Chapters 4-11 form the heart of the book: We discuss crowd involvement in differnt stages of the research process, illustrating both benefits and challenges with case examples from a variety of fields. We also highlight conditions under which involving citizens and other societal stakeholder groups promises to be more versus less effective.
Four of these chapters include "getting started" sections that show how the tools for project design (4Q Tool and Crowd Science Design Canvas) can guide project organizers through key decisions, using fictional characters as examples.
In the "Templates" section below, you can access and download customized and editable templates of these tools for project design for all stages of the research process, including stages that do not have a "getting started" section in the book.
High-resolution figures and tables:
In the "Figures" and "Tables" sections below, you can access and download high-resolution versions of all figures and tables developed for this book.
Figures from other sources are available in the PDF.
Use of complementary material
Feel free to download and use the templates, figures and tables below to plan or analyze projects, and for your teaching or scholarly work.
When doing so, please follow the Open Access guidance by acknowledging and citing the book as the source.
Templates (coming soon)
Stage: Identifying and selecting research questions
- 4Q Tool to analyze status quo
- Crowd Science Design Canvas
Stage: Raising funding
- 4Q Tool to analyze status quo
- Crowd Science Design Canvas
Stage: Developing methods and materials
- 4Q Tool to analyze status quo
- Crowd Science Design Canvas
Stage: Collecting data
- 4Q Tool to analyze status quo
- Crowd Science Design Canvas
Stage Processing and analyzing data
- 4Q Tool to analyze status quo
- Crowd Science Design Canvas
Stage: Solving problems
- 4Q Tool to analyze status quo
- Crowd Science Design Canvas
Stage: Writing
- 4Q Tool to analyze status quo
- Crowd Science Design Canvas
Stage: Diffusing and translating results
- 4Q Tool to analyze status quo
- Crowd Science Design Canvas
Figures
Figure 1.1: Crowd involvement across fields: data from Scistarter.org
Figure 2.1: Stages of the research process
Figure 2.2: Six key characteristics of crowd members and the crowd
Figure 2.3: AKRD Crowd Contribution Matrix for Galaxy Zoo (Panel A) and CurieuzeNeuzen (Panel B)
Figure 3.1: 4Q Tool to analyze the status quo in a particular stage of a research project
Figure 3.2: Crowd Science Design Canvas for a particular stage of a research project
Figure 4.5: Persona for identifying and selecting research questions (Mehdi)
Figure 5.2: Crowd Science Paradigm Diamonds for example projects (raising funding)
Figure 6.3: Persona for developing methods and materials (Linda)
Figure 7.2: Crowd Science Paradigm Diamonds for example projects (stage: data collection)
Figure 7.5: Persona for collecting data (Nari)
Figure 9.2: Crowd Science Paradigm Diamonds for example projects (stage: solving problems)
Figure 9.4: Persona for solving problems (Linda)
Figure 9.6: Crowd Science Design Canvas for problem solving (Linda's condensed answers in green; revisions in purple)
Figure 10.3: Crowd Science Paradigm Diamonds for example projects (stage: writing)
Figure 12.1: Breadth and depths of crowd involvement (based on Beck et al. 2023)
Figure 15.2: Three uses of AI: automation, augmentation and algorithmic management
Tables
Table 2.1: Crowds in example projects across different research fields
Table 2.2: Summary of Crowd Science Paradigms
Table 5.1: AKRD Crowd Contributions for example projects (stage: raising funding)
Table 6.1: AKRD Crowd Contributions for example projects (stage: developing methods and materials)
Table 7.1: AKRD Crowd Contributions for example projects (stage: data collection)
Table 8.1: AKRD Crowd Contributions for example projects (stage: data processing and analysis)
Table 9.1: AKRD Crowd Contributions for example projects (stage: solving problems)
Table 10.1: AKRD Crowd Contributions for example projects (stage: writing)
Table 11.1: AKRD Crowd Contributions for example projects (stage: diffusing and translating results)
Table 12.1: Synergies, trade-offs, and design implications when involving crowds in multiple stages
Table 14.1: Common contributor motives and supporting project features
Table 14.2: Crowd Science Paradigms and their implications for recruiting
Table 16.1a: Project index - part 1 (with clickable links)
Table 16.1b: Project index - part 2 (with clickable links)
Table 16.1c: Project index - part 3 (with clickable links)
Table 16.1d: Project index - part 4 (with clickable links)
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